space & FORM | pif64/2025

space & FORM | piF

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e-ISSN 2391-7725 | ISSN 1895-3247
e-mail: spaceandform@zut.edu.pl

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SPACE & FORM NO 64/2025

PRZESTRZEŃ I FORMA NR 64/2025

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EDITOR | STOPKA REDAKCYJNA

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SPIS TREŚCI | TABLE OF CONTENTS

ARCHITECTURE & CONSERVATION OF MONUMENTS | ARCHITEKTURA I KONSERWACJA ZABYTKÓW

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Adriana Szubryt | West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland Faculty of Architecture

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5681-2636
Island lighthouses as a typological attribute: locational–structural analysis and classification implications.

This article addresses the valuation of technical infrastructure objects in relation to the categorization methodology of lighthouses (LM) proposed by Szubryt (2021), with particular emphasis on the category of freestanding lighthouses (LM W). The aim of the research was to identify relationships between location, architectural form, and how LM are integrated into the coastal landscape. The article proposes dividing LM W into subcategories considering typical landscapes (cliff, beach, island, port) and analyzes the characteristic features of each subcategory based on comparative analysis and field research, in order to examine the dependencies between location and its influence on form, materials, construction, and functionality of LM.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.B-01
Keywords: lighthouse, categorization, typology, architecture theory, landscape.

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Aleksandra Kasper-Solakiewicz | West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6076-8091
Design process on restricted areas in the light of administrative and construction regulations- opportunities and threats.

In this paper, the author would like to focus on the discussion and analysis of the legal regulations contained in the normative acts of administrative and construction law, relating to design on closed areas under the authority of the Ministry of Defense. The article characterizes the course of the general design process, which in its basic activities coincides with the process in restricted areas. The author also recalls some of the most significant provisions, contained in the Construction Law, the Law on Planning and Spatial Development and other relevant normative acts, which are presented and analyzed in the conclusion.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.B-02
Keywords: act, construction law, design process, military, Ministry of Defense, regulations, restricted area

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Robert Musiał | Independent Researcher Cracow, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3515-0610
Development of high-rise buildings and their function in Polish cities.

Investment pressure to erect high rise buildings and the rather large number of skyscrapers built in recent decades prompt the need to analyse the scale of the phenomenon of tall buildings in Polish cities. The analysis included buildings of 50 meters or more in height, built between 1945 and 2024. 581 such buildings were identified in 17 cities. Significantly more buildings were erected in the decade 2010–2019 than in the decade 1970–1979 – the peak of a high-rise construction period in 20th century. Nowadays, the development of tall buildings in Poland is evident in the numerous high-rises of moderate height and a few skyscrapers that reach great heights. The largest number of high-rises being built are in the 50–59 m. The survey shows a change in the ratio between the number of residential and office buildings in the period before and after 1989 in favour of the latter.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.B-03
Keywords: Polish cities, high rise development, tall buildings.

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Joanna Jadwiga Białkiewicz | Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8827-9397
Biomimetic design approaches in contemporary polish architecture.

The subject of the research is the analysis of applications of biomimetic design within the specificity of the Polish architectural environment. The analysed examples include projects made by Polish architects (professional and students), both completed and conceptual, in the period of the last 25 years. The concept of biomimetics and biomimicry is popular in contemporary architecture; in general, both terms mean imitation (gr. mimesis) of the nature, from which the solutions are derived to solve human problems. In the architectural context, biomimetics serves a “tool-like” role by providing materials and structures modeled on the form and behavior of living organisms, whereas biomimicry refers to imitating nature at the ecosystem level, establishing an ecological standard for construction.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.B-04
Keywords: futuristic biomimetics, biomimetics, biomimicry, regenerative design

URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING | URBANISTYKA I PLANOWANIE PRZESTRZENNE

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Michał P. Chodorowski | Bialystok University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-5782
The issue of place identity in the process of forced resettlement in the withdrawal scenario due to climate change.

The article focuses on issues of place and community identity in the case of forced resettlements. The aim of the research was to present the examples studied so far, particularly in the context of maintaining social identity and ways of familiarizing the space by its inhabitants. A model was presented for using activity hubs to maintain the structure of social bonds and for designing frameworks with gaps that allow for initiative and adaptation of space to the needs of residents. This should enable the development of guidelines for the protection of communities displaced from areas of withdrawal as a result of sudden events related to climate change or natural disasters.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.C-01
Keywords: displacement, place identity, social identity, climate change.

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Wiktor Bosowski | University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Engineering and Technical Sciences, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-9965
Public green spaces in local spatial development plans. The case of the Świebodzin municipality.

The article discusses the presence of public green areas in local legislation. After reviewing the background of the issue in the literature, a parametric and qualitative analysis of local plans drawn up in the municipality of Świebodzin between 1997 and 2024 was conducted. Various cases of establishing public green areas, their functions, and location were verified, and their functional and axiological potential was assessed. The paper presents the results of these analyses, accompanied by commentary based on the current discourse on the state of spatial planning and urbanization processes.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.C-02
Keywords: effective green areas, FAST method, local plans, public green areas, space quality assessment, spatial planning

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Joanna Dudek, Jakub Dudek | Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-7382 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1541-9512
Structure-forming transport routes of Rzeszow: redevelopment proposals aligned with sustainable urban mobility principles.

Based on research on the development potential of the city of Rzeszów, transport corridors with significant structuring potential were identified. Selected three streets were examined in terms of urban form, land use, traffic volume, greenery, and characteristic spatial elements. Major functional issues were identified, and transformation directions were proposed. For four characteristic cross-sections, design solutions based on sustainable mobility principles were developed.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.C-03
Keywords: public space design, streets, sustainable mobility, transformation of transport corridors.

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Anna Grajper-Dobiesz, Sebastian Dobiesz | Opole University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4798-2553 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3553-6334
Space syntax in the design of small squares. A case study of Czesław Niemen Square in Wrocław.

The article presents a case study of Czesław Niemen Square in Wrocław, examined within a research-by-design framework using space syntax. Four pedestrian layout models were compared — baseline, first transformation, temporary, and final — each in two variants (with and without an adjoining passage). The aim was to investigate how geometric modifications influence syntactic values reflecting walkability, intimacy, and social control. Findings indicate that only the final model achieves a balanced relationship between attributes: Integration, Controllability, and Relative Asymmetry, highlighting risks associated with incomplete implementation. The study concludes that in small squares, high spatial qualities can be achieved through precise pedestrian layout design.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.C-04
Keywords: geometric transformations, pedestrian layout, public space, small scale, social control, space syntax, squares, walkability.

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Hubert Horynek | Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6090-7876
The impact of cardinal and ordinal direction exposure and structural attributes on prices in the primary housing market in Warsaw.

First aim of the research was to determine which structural attributes have the greatest impact on housing prices. The second was to determine to what extent the exposure of windows to specific cardinal and ordinal directions affects prices. Structural attributes clearly affect offer prices. The exposure of windows to specific directions is an additional, significant factor. The better the access to sunlight, the higher the prices per square meter. Two-sided flats provide little information as north exposure reduces the prices so much that south exposure correlates with relatively low prices. Corner flats analysis has much greater explanatory power.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.C-05
Keywords: cardinal and ordinal directions, corner flats, offer prices, primary housing market, structural attributes

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Paulina Liszka and Marceli Łasocha | Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Cracow, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5481-2109 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8574-9453
The necessity of developing a new development strategy as a condition for effective coordination of spatial policy at the municipal level in Poland.

The article analyzes and clarifies the current legal and formal foundations governing the municipal development strategy document as a key instrument for coordinating municipal spatial policy. The authors argue that a properly prepared and up-to-date Strategy, together with the general plan and the local spatial development plan, can ensure a coordinated mu-nicipal spatial policy and thereby best achieve the principal objective of spatial planning in Poland, as defined by law—spatial order.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.C-06
Keywords: coordination of spatial policies, functional and spatial structure model, municipal deve-lopment strategy, spatial order, spatial policy integration, spatial planning.

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Stanisław Majer and Alicja Sołowczuk | West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2476-1982 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-7421
Synergy of various factors in sustainable traffic calming design.

In this article, the authors aim to present an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to designing traffic cal-ming zones (30 km/h zones and home zones), in which road solutions are analyzed in parallel with environ-mental and urban planning conditions. The article highlights the synergy be-tween the shaping of public space, green infrastructure, and street geometry in improving safety and environmental conditions. The pre-sented analysis results confirm that the proper combination of traffic calming measures with appropriately designed greenery and buildings can significantly reduce noise, decrease pollutant concentrations, and im-prove residents’ quality of life.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.C-07
Keywords: home zone, green infrastructure, street landscaping, traffic calming, 30 km/h zone.

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Ada Aleksandra Nawrocka and Malwina Jabłońska | Bydgoszcz University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8895-4332 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0043-7663
The influence of spatial installation in the city.

The paper presents the open-studio research project zróbMY MIEJSCE, examining the evolving role of the academic campus as a catalyst for social and spatial transformation. Using quantitative and heuristic methods, the study identified a strong need to integrate the campus with its surrounding district. The project introduces a spatial installation as both an architectural-social medium and a diagnostic tool for exploring the dynamics of semi-public spaces. The findings suggest that upgrading the campus to a district-level activator could foster integration and local identity, supporting the broader vision of the polycentric city.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.C-08
Keywords: academic campus, urban activator, urban living lab, spatial installation, polycentric city, placemaking, participatory design.

LANDSCAPE | KRAJOBRAZ

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Agnieszka Jaszczak, Ewelina Pochodyła-Ducka and Marta Śliwa | University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4695-0488 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9781-7230 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-511X
Cultural, social, and axiological dimensions of cemetery space: a comparative analysis of selected world necropolises.

Cemeteries, as one of the most symbolic and enduring elements of the cultural landscape, reflect the relationships between society, the cultural environment, and value systems. A comparative analysis of cemeteries from different regions of Europe was carried out, taking into account: burial sites and their surroundings; architectural forms, including traditional graves, mausoleums, chapels, and elements of sepulchral sculpture; cultural, religious, and customary conditions determining the use of funeral spaces. Particular attention was paid to the different perceptions of cemeteries in Christian, Muslim, and Jewish religious tradi-tions and in secular practices. The aim of the publication is to identify common features and differences in cemetery planning, emphasizing their importance as cultural, social, landscape, and axiological spaces.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.D-01
Keywords: burial sites; cemetery; Europe; funeral space; religion.

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Paweł Nowak | West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3526-1062
Role and conditions of solitary trees in the development of strict city centres: functional justification analysis based on selected locations in Szczecin.

This article presents research on the existence of solitary trees in the development of strict urban centres, using the city of Szczecin as an example. Despite the placement of trees alongside high-density multi-unit housing, in difficult conditions, we can nevertheless observe that these are imposing tree species in good phytosanitary condition. This provides us with a basis for the use of such solutions in our country in the future. This article aims to present and compare examples of imposing solitary trees and formulate design guidelines for landscape architects.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.D-02
Keywords: urban solitary trees, urban space, phytosanitary condition, tree longevity, tree planting.

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Małgorzata Podsędkowska-Szymczak | Lodz University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9112-1917
Eco-brutalism – a 21st-century trend or a return to brutalist ideals? the implementation of greenery in brutalist designs and their revitalisations.

This article presents research on the existence of solitary trees in the development of strict urban centres, using the city of Szczecin as an example. Despite the placement of trees alongside high-density multi-unit housing, in difficult conditions, we can nevertheless observe that these are imposing tree species in good phytosanitary condition. This provides us with a basis for the use of such solutions in our country in the future. This article aims to present and compare examples of imposing solitary trees and formulate design guidelines for landscape architects.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.D-03
Keywords: Brutalism, Implementation of greenery, Eco-Brutalism.

HISTORY | HISTORIA

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Joanna Dudek, Alicja Jóźwiakowska | The Faculty of Civil and Environmental, Engineering and Architecture. Rzeszow University of Tech nology Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-7382 https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1000-8523
Villa developments at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Case study – Łańcut (Poland).

This work presents an analysis of villa development in Łańcut in the context of architectu-ral, social, and urban changes from the late 19th century to the present day. The aim of the research was to determine the cultural and spatial value of the villas and to formulate prin-ciples for their conservation. Architectural, comparative, and historical analysis methods were used. The results of the research confirmed the importance of villas as an element of the town

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Izabela Sykta | Cracow University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-1055
Hrubieszów climate houses and gardens: from professor wiktor zin’s family home to the ‘wiktor’ riverside house – on the ‘good continuity’ of tradition in a dialogue with genius loci.

This article discusses the disappearance and decay of the heritage of wooden residential development and the unification of architecture and homogenisation of nature in the con-temporary housing environment. Reading the message of Hrubieszów-born Prof. Wiktor Zin about the need to protect the ‘vanishing’ beauty of the native landscape, the ‘Hrubie-szów climate house’ project discovers the potential for development in heritage. The active conservation and regeneration of wooden houses, as opposed to demolition, and adaptive reuse combined with the continuation of tradition in a nature-bound housing are a sustaina-ble local response to global environmental threats. These concerns were presented using Wiktor Zin’s family home and the design of the ‘Wiktor’ house inspired by it.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.E-02
Keywords: climate, domestic garden, family home, Hrubieszów, local tradition, Wiktor Zin

ACCESSIBILITY | DOSTĘPNOŚĆ

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Natalia Hudzik | Opole University of Technology

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8399-1355
Comparative analysis of solutions used in exhibition spaces of selected forms of cultural facilities for accessibility for people with special needs.

The article contains an overview of several case studies concerned with the accessibility of exhibition spaces at the National Museum, the POLIN Museum, the National Library in Warsaw and the Haptic Museum in Ancona as a representative example. All cultural facilities offer cultural activities, including exhibition. The objective aim of this multiple case study is to review the solutions used and indicate solutions that may be applicable in other facilities. Due to the important role of visual stimuli in our culture, the research also looks at issues that affect people with visual disabilities, which should be considered. It is possible to conduct further research based on defined criteria. Issues which should be considered in future studies have been defined. Results indicate various needs of each type of cultural facility and recommend the development of exemplary models of solutions, taking into account different ways of perception.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.64.F-01
Keywords: library, accessibility, museum, exhibition space.