space & FORM | pif62/2025

space & FORM | piF

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e-ISSN 2391-7725 | ISSN 1895-3247
e-mail: spaceandform@zut.edu.pl

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SPACE & FORM NO 62/2025

PRZESTRZEŃ I FORMA NR 62/2025

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EDITOR | STOPKA REDAKCYJNA

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SPIS TREŚCI | TABLE OF CONTENTS

ARCHITECTURE & CONSERVATION OF MONUMENTS | ARCHITEKTURA I KONSERWACJA ZABYTKÓW

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Maciej Bilski, Julia Komorowska | Faculty of Architecture. Poznan University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8919-7679 https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6957-7822
Room dynamics – a new architectural concept

A room, although apparently static, is in fact a complex, multidimensional structure, changing due to various factors. This has a direct impact on the atmosphere and perception of a place and its effect on the user.This article aims to provide a definition of ‘room dynamics’, related to the emotional and energetic aspects of a place. The term refers to the interaction between the passive or active user, the interior and its components. The introduction of this concept allows for a better definition and understanding of the connections that occur between man and space. The scientific literature on environmental psychology and architecture was analysed to identify the key elements of space that are indicative of the ‘’livability‘’ of a room and their impact on human psychological well-being. The review indicates the importance of incorporating psychology into the design process to create spaces that encourage interpersonal harmony and a positive atmosphere.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.62.B-01
Keywords: architecture, dynamics, environmental psychology, human being, interior vitality, mental health, room experience

URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING | URBANISTYKA I PLANOWANIE PRZESTRZENNE

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Tomasz Bradecki, Dariusz Masły, Aleksandra Barańska, Katarzyna Kotarska, Karolina Wąsińska, Małgorzata Wasik | Faculty of Architecture, Silesian University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-4545 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6961-7725 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7347-5151 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6614-2389 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5343-000X https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2729-375X
Digital models of the structure of intensive housing complexes as a tool for synthesizing the analyzed case studies.

Intensive residential development today takes on various spatial forms, which are the subject of numerous studies. The article presents the author's method of representing structural models, which inspired the creation of an urban planning game used in didactics and popularization. Dozens of theoretical models created for the representation of indicators were realized for the game. The purpose of the conducted research is to verify to what extent the adopted method of representing housing complexes is effective and how it can be used in other studies that currently rely on data collected in spatial information systems. The conclusions can be useful for researchers, as well as architects, urban planners and decision-makers associated with the planning of housing complexes.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.62.C-01
Keywords: intensive residential development, digital residential development structure models, residential development structure

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Justyna Jastrzębska, Jacek Krych, Ewa Zaraś | Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-3602 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8490-7414 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2436-9665
Integration of ecosystem services and social functions of fortified areas: the case of Warsaw

The article discusses the ecosystem services provided by fortress sites in Warsaw, highlighting their unique natural and social roles due to limited accessibility and specific function. These areas support biodiversity, regulate climate, and offer social and cultural benefits such as recreation, education, and heritage preservation. They also strengthen biophilic connections between people and nature, enhancing urban quality of life. The study, based on literature and field research, emphasizes the need for integrated management that values both ecological and social functions of fortress landscapes.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.62.C-02
Keywords: cultural heritage, ecosystem services, public space, urban planning, Warsaw fortifications.

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Stanisław Majer, Alicja Sołowczuk | West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2476-1982 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-7421
Effectiveness of traffic calming measures near schools located in residential areas

‘Make the way to schools safe’ is a Polish nationwide scheme, which obliges road planners and administrators to implement traffic calming measures in existing streets in urban spaces. There is a variety of traffic calming measures (TCMs) that can be used in this application. Suburban locations are the primary focus due to generally longer distances children have to cover to reach their school. As part of the project described in this article we carried out a speed survey in a suburban district of Szczecin, a city located in north-western Poland to estimate the slowing effect of the implemented traffic calming measures. The analysis of the resulting speed profiles showed that speeds depended not only on the parameters of the applied TCMs but also on factors characterizing the urban space, such as street surroundings, parking conditions, and geometric parameters of the street.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.62.C-03
Keywords: narrowing approach leg, parking lanes, pedestrian crossings, speed humps, traffic calming, urban spaces.

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Rafał Oleksik, Krzysztof Klus | Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Cracow, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5607-4402 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2872-1673
Redevelopment of small town markets in the Kraków-Częstochowa upland area in selected competition concepts.

Urban space revitalisation, often focused solely on improving aesthetics, can lead to significant resident dissatisfaction due to unmet needs. This article addresses general issues related to the redevelopment of main squares, supplemented by case studies. Based on their own work and other awarded conceptual designs for the redevelopment of the market squares in Skała and Wolbrom, the authors present design solutions aimed at revitalizing these spaces. These examples are particularly interesting as they involve small towns with typical challenges for such communities. Besides providing ready-to-implement solutions, the authors also explore the process of discovering local conditions to solve existing problems and maximize the potential of the space.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.62.C-04
Keywords: market square, public space, revitalization, Skała, urban planning, Wolbrom.

LANDSCAPE | KRAJOBRAZ

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Katarzyna Pluta | Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8069-5153
Form and composition of greenery in public spaces of the city, exemplified by the Mokotów district in Warsaw.

Modern cities are spatial and functional structures that are undergoing dynamic transformations in the 21st century. These changes are primarily driven by climatic, civilizational, and social factors. In response,numerous initiatives are being undertaken to reshape urban landscapes in order to improve the living conditions of residents. In the context of efforts to mitigate climate change, a clear trend of urban greening has emerged. This is manifested both in the enhancement of existing green areas and in the introduction of new green spaces and elements. The research presented in this article investigates contemporary transformations of the urban landscape in the Mokotów district of Warsaw. The study specifically focuses on the role of greenery in the spatial composition of the district’s public spaces.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.62.D-01
Keywords: city greenery, public spaces, townscape, urban composition

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Steuer-Jurek Anna | Cracow University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4440-9071
Design and management of dog parks under Polish legal regulations

Dog parks are a relatively new element in the landscape of Polish cities. Their primary purpose is to provide appropriate conditions for dogs to play, socialise, and train. Therefore, proper design, development, and effective management are crucial. An analysis of Polish legal regulations indicates that current normative acts contain only general guidelines, referring primarily to green spaces and the competencies of local authorities in this regard. Detailed regulations should be established within the framework of local legal acts. These should clearly define the guidelines necessary to implement solutions that ensure functionality and visual and compositional coherence while also taking into account specific local conditions.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.62.D-02
Keywords: dog parks, dogs in the city, legal regulations, public city gardens, specialized green spaces

HISTORY | HISTORIA

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Jan Kurek | Professor emeritus of the Cracow University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0853-5312
Rudolf Śmiałowski (1903-1980) and his contribution to the study and documentation of relics of wooden architecture

Professor Rudolf Śmiałowski is an extraordinary figure, who symbolically links the times of the Second and Third Republics of Poland. He was a professor of architecture, an organiser of clandestine teaching, a researcher of historical wooden buildings, a co-founder of the Cracow University of Technology, a tourism enthusiast and a patriot. He was thorough in action and modest, but at the same time uncompromising, true to ethical and national ideals.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.62.E-01
Keywords: Rudolf Smiałowski, Lviv Polytechnic University, Cracow University of Technology, timber construction

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Marta Olejnik | MOD21 Sp. z o.o., Anna Stefańska | Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6598-3127 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5070-3877
Evolution and current challenges of modular timber construction

The article presents the evolution of modular timber construction, analysing key challenges and prospects for further development. It discusses advantages such as sustainability, energy efficiency, waste reduction, and barriers, including legal regulations, technical issues, and limited market acceptance. The need for standardisation, the introduction of innovative materials like cross-laminated timber (CLT), and education on new technologies are highlighted. The article emphasises the potential of timber prefabrication in sustainable construction and provides recommendations for further research and implementation in Poland.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.62.E-02
Keywords: CLT, modular buildings, timber, standardisation, sustainable development

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Jerzy Silberring | Professor Emeritus of the AGH University, Cracow, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4362-8362
Architecture through the eyes of colorists

Colorists are mainly descended from Impressionism – a style, in which colors were applied by artists as their individual reflection of the world they painted. Painters of this movement broke with the work in the interiors and went out with their art in the open air, transferring to the canvas their way of perceiving the world. This was associated with a reduction in the size of the paintings, which had to be easy to carry.Colorists, on the other hand, used vivid colors to express their emotions, which had little to do with the reality they observed. This article describes colorism, covering several artistic groups using a similar style, and an analysis of architectural motifs in their artworks.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.62.E-03
Keywords: architecture, Colorists, Fauvists, Kapists, painters

ACCESSIBILITY | DOSTĘPNOŚĆ

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Kamil L. Rawski | Bialystok University of Technology, Poland

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3845-4556
Optimization of accessibility according to the type of public open spaces

The aim of the study was to determine whether it is possible to optimally adjust the level of accessibility depending on the type of public open spaces and its characteristics: location, scale, and purpose. For such spaces, the author proposes tailoring the level of accessibility to the needs of the target user group, as full accessibility is not always feasible or even desirable due to the complex nature of these areas. The proposed accessibility levels are based on the following criteria: safety, comfort, communication layout, functionality and information system.

DOI: 10.21005/pif.2025.62.F-01
Keywords: accessibility criteria, accessibility planning, green areas, space typology, universal design.